6. USAID documents

The US Agency for International Development (USAID) invested significantly in developing approaches, guidelines and tools to enable teams to work in ways that were more attuned to local realities (also known as "thinking and working politically", TWP). We have created this additional section of The Policy Practice online library to make accessible the most helpful USAID materials we have collected over the years or which have been shared with us by the Thinking and Working Politically Community of Practice (TWP CoP) and the TWP CoP Washington DC Group. These documents and blogs used to be open access but are sadly no longer available since USAID was abolished. 

If you have other documents you think should be added here, please email us at contact@thepolicypractice.com.

Political economy analysis ('thinking politically')

This first section provides the main 2018 USAID guidance on applied political economy analysis (PEA) and TWP as well as some of its practical annexes. 

This guidance provides information on how USAID can think and work in ways that are more politically aware — an approach known as “thinking and working politically” through the use of applied political economy analysis. 

This annex to USAID's 2018 guidance document offers a list of questions to guide analysis at the country, sector and issues/problems levels. 

This document offers a template which can be useful when preparing a statement of work (SOW) for an applied PEA.

This pre-PEA checklist created by USAID helps determine key questions and  points before undertaking a PEA, including participation and team composition.

This document serve as a primer to adapt PEA methods to a streamlined approach, using the example of a recent streamlined PEA implemented in Uganda aimed at increasing domestic resource mobilization for family planning products to illustrate each step in practice.

This USAID document provides a template to design a scope of work for applied political economy analyses commissioned by USAID. 

Examples of USAID applied political economy analysis

This section provides a selection of completed applied political economy analyses commissioned by USAID or its programmes which are in the public domain, as well as examples of PEA summaries and scopes of work. 

This Afghanistan Political Economy Analysis examines Afghanistan under Taliban rule. It was researched by the US Institute of Peace for USAID. 

This watwer sector applied Political Economy Analysis was prepared for the USAID/Armenia Improved Water Management for Sustainable Economic Growth Program.

This is the executive summary of an applied Political-Economy Analysis commissioned by USAID Serbia's Strengthening Media Systems Project.

This document is an USAID Applied Political Economy Analysis (PEA) Illustrative Statement of Work/Terms of Reference applied to Bangladesh's garment sector and labour conditions. 

This document is the scope of work for a Regional Political Economy Analysis of the Forest Sector in Central Africa. 

Adaptive management ('working politically')

Beyond guidance on how to conduct an applied PEA, USAID produced a series of resources on adaptive management and how to build local PEA capacity. Below are some of the main documents.

USAID defines adaptive management as "an intentional approach to making decisions and adjustments in response to new information and changes in context". This discussion note explains how to adopt an adaptive management approach across all the phases of the Program Cycle.

This USAID Discussion Note provides an explanation of when to use monitoring approaches that are complexity-aware and summarizes the three principles of complexity-aware monitoring: (i) address performance monitoring blind spots, (ii) synchronize with the pace of change, and (iii) consider key systems concepts.

This link provides a useful diagram of a decision tree that is designed to help practitioners determine how best to adapt when programming challenges are encountered.

This USAID Technical Note highlights five key dimensions of systems: Results, Roles, Relationships, Rules and Resources. Collectively these 5Rs can serve as a lens for assessing local systems and a guide for identifying and monitoring interventions designed to strengthen them.

This paper provides USAID’s tips for strengthening local capacity to assess incentives and conduct savvy, adaptive programming. It compiles some good practices in supporting local capacity to Think and Work Politically. 

This paper provides USAID’s tips on how to integrate power dynamics in a programme's theory of change, including context/assumptions, change pathways and updating power dynamics 

This USAID document provides tips on setting up and using advisory councils to improve the responsiveness of programming.

This USAID document provides tips for identifying allies beyond those already seized with an issue, and finding ways to collaborate with stakeholders who may have different reasons for joining a coalition.

This USAID document provides tips on what it takes to do collective sense-making with local partners.

This USAID document provides tips to integrate thinking and working politically into an activity monitoring evaluation and learning plan. 

This USAID document provides advice on how USAID solicitations can encourage implementing partners to take context carefully into account in an ongoing way, and to adapt activities to stay relevant and effective.

This USAID document is a workbook that can be used to develop a theory of change. 

This USAID How-To Note describes steps and considerations for developing a project logic model (and its associated theory of change).

Collaborating, Learning and Adapting (CLA)

USAID developped and documented CLA approaches to development which include:

(i) collaborating intentionally with stakeholders to share knowledge and reduce duplication of effort, 

(ii) learning systematically by drawing on evidence from a variety of sources and taking time to reflect on implementation, and 

(iii) applying learning by adapting intentionally. 

This selection of USAID documents offers practical advice for strategic collaboration, continuous learning, and adaptive management across the Program Cycle. They may use a different label but they overlap and are complementary to adaptive management/working politically approaches covered in the first two sections. 

This 2 page collaborating, learning, and adapting (CLA) Framework sets out two key dimensions to integrate the approach in your organizations: (i) CLA in the Program Cycle and (ii) Enabling Conditions.

This USAID guide is organized into ten modules, each covering a specific topic or step important for organizing and facilitating collective action.

This USAID note summarizes 12 findings of a review of academic and gray literature on the benefits of an intentional, systematic and resourced approach to collaborating, learning and adapting.

USAID's experiences with PEA, TWP and CLA

This section provides links to the main recent documents summarising USAID's experiences of implementing politically-informed approaches. It includes lessons learned studies by organisations and programmes which benefited from USAID support in applying the approach. In addition, this 2022 TWP CoP webinar discussed 10 years of USAID experience with PEA and TWP.

This document summarises the use of political economy analysis by USAID missions. 

This paper takes stock of how USAID and its partners have used political economy analysis (PEA) to inform programme strategy, design and implementation, and support Thinking and Working Politically (TWP) over the last 10 years. 

This document summarises USAID's experience with using its applied Political Economy Analysis framework and makes practical recommendations. 

The Learning Review explores (i) how APEAs have been used to inform program decisions and their implementation; (ii) how insights from APEAs have influenced program achievements; and (iii) what factors have enabled and constrained the uptake of APEA and its impacts in terms of improved programming. It concludes with lessons and considerations.

Other USAID contextual analysis tools

This section provides a selection of USAID's contextual analyses guidance and toolkits, such as on gender and inclusion, conflict or governance. Political economy perspectives can be embedded in these other contextual analyses, even if political economy is not an explicit approach. 

For more USAID democracy, governance and human rights documents, please go to: https://www.drghub.org/

USAID’s Violence and Conflict Assessment applies a structured approach to 1) identify the dynamics of conflict, violence, and peace in a given context and 2) deliver technically sound and actionable recommendations.

This 3-page factsheet provides information on USAID’s Violence and Conflict Assessment

This USAID Guide to Inclusive Development Analysis provides advice on why and how to conduct such analysis. 

This USAID Human and Institutional Capacity Development Handbook offers seven steps to conduct and apply such assessments to improve performance.

This USAID guide provides practical knowledge to help partner countries determine an appropriate civil service reform strategy. 

USAID blogs

David Jacobstein and Sarah Swift, from the USAID Bureau of Democracy, Rights and Governance, published a series of blogs to introduce the approach to USAID teams. They have been reposted on The Policy Practice's blog page. 

Sarah's series of blogs from 2018 examines how PEA can better integrate gender and inclusion considerations:

David's blogs cover: